ReSharper stopped working with "The highlighter ID does not have a registered Visual Studio Text Classification Type for it"

Problem

• The vertical bar on the right of the editor window, which typically displays small colored bars indicating Errors, Warnings, and Suggestions, is missing.
• ToDos (“// TODO: …”) are not shown blue anymore in the editor window but green like ordinary comments.
• Errors, such as the use of an undeclared variable, are no longer displayed in red but appear white like any other variable name.

In the log file a lot of exceptions like this:

07:40:33.476 |E| VsHighlighterClassifications  | :1                 | The highlighter ID “ReSharper Debugger DataTip” does not have a registered Visual Studio Text Classification Type for it, and there is no known fallback Visual Studio Text Classification Type Name.

Cause [Optional]

It looks like Visual Studio caches have been corrupted due to installing or updating some extensions.

Resolution

• Try to completely reinstall Visual Studio and install the ReSharper plugin again.
• Unchecking the Tools | Options | Environment | Extensions | Automatically update extensions can help avoid problems in the future.
• If the problem occurs again, contact support and attach the following information:
  • installation log files from %LocalAppData%\JetBrains\Shared\vAny\Installer
  • save a copy of the files from the %LOCALAPPDATA%\Microsoft\VisualStudio\{VisualStudioVersion}\ComponentModelCache folder;
  • collect ReSharper log file using the following command line: devenv /ReSharper.LogFile C:\log\resharper_log.txt /ReSharper.LogLevel Verbose
  • launch Visual Studio with the key /updateConfiguration;
  • save a copy of the files from the %LOCALAPPDATA%\Microsoft\VisualStudio\{VisualStudioVersion}\ComponentModelCache folder again;
  • attach two copies of files from ComponentModelCache folder and the log file.